For the previous two blog posts on this topic, see the links:
https://themedievalist.blogspot.com/2022/02/how-aware-of-scriptures-were-peastants.html
https://themedievalist.blogspot.com/2022/02/were-medieval-peasnts-ignorant-of.html
Before I finish up my series of posts concerning the relationship between Medieval Peasants and the Bible, let me start by saying that I encourage all to read the first two posts on this topic before reading this one. Now that I have said that, let me proceed as I argue against those who allege that the peasants of the Middle Ages were ignorant of the Scriptures.
During the early Middle Ages (generally dated 5th-11th century), several church synods across Europe called for the clergy to teach the peasants The Apostles' Creed and the Pater Noster. Likewise, many priests taught young boys the Psalms. Additionally, many parish schools were started throughout Europe which taught the Catholic faith to young men. Christianity was preached not just in the local churches, but also in the local towns, and on the streets. In 749, the Council of Cloevshoe, for instance, mandated priests to teach the faithful in their houses about the faith. On the southern end of Europe, in the diocese of Soissons, both boys and girls were taught their Catholic faith by the ninth century. Contrary to the claims of many, both rich and poor were trained in theology by the clerics of Europe. Across the continent, girls were often tutored by nuns. Martin Luther admitted that it was hard for a child to go ignorant under the leadership of the papacy (The Catechism of the Council of Trent p. XIX) and the Protestant reformer, Mathesius wrote about being trained by his schoolmasters to recite the Ten Commandments, the Creed, and the Our Father when was a child.
Were the peasants ignorant of language? In 1179, the Catholic Church mandated potential education even for the poor. It called for teachers in the cathedrals to instruct young boys who were too poor to pay the typical price. The fact that there were land grants to peasants also shows that the former had some literary knowledge.
Before the 1980s, most scholars believed that peasants were illiterate. However, this has been challenged by some recently. Some now believe that there were peasants who had a basic knowledge of reading the alphabet but not of writing the language. There have been archeological evidence, for instance, that some Russian peasants knew how to read and write as evidenced in the Burbank papers of these peasants going to court. One of the strongest evidences that some of Englan's peasants had some literary knowledge is that the court's documents to them were often in Middle English (and the nobility spoke Old French). Indeed, it was not until the fourteenth century that English became commonly spoken in the English courts. The fact that works like Layamen's Brute and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales were written in Middle English, shows that these works of literature were appealing to more than the nobility and clergy of England. Even as the commoners spoke the English language (as many of them had practiced long before the Norman Conquest), these peasants were not ignorant of literature. Medieval historian Marco Mostert has elaborated more on this subject elsewhere. So has Medieval historian Charles F. Briggs. In his essay, ''Literacy, Reading and Writing in the Medieval West,'' Briggs shows evidence of written letters of the fourteenth-century peasants' revolt. Yes, even these commoners knew how to read and write. Additionally, there have also been studies that some commoners took up careers as scribes.
For the sake of argument, however, even if all peasants had been illiterate, this does not mean that they were entirely ignorant of Biblical teachings and the message of salvation. I will now show evidence that the peasants, had they all been illiterate, knew Biblical stories from other means.
Interestingly enough, not all theological teaching came from the church clergy in the Middle Ages. In fact, many children learned about Christianity from their parents teaching them it at home. Children were prepared for their first communion by their parents (though many children received the Eucharist as infants) and taught Catholicism since feeding on their mother's breasts.
Despite the fact that Latin was the official language of the church, in England, the Anglo-Saxons heard sermons preached in the vernacular during church. This often included the reading of scripture to peasants who were otherwise, illiterate to read it. The people were often catechized about the Our Father and the Creed.
Of course, much more could be said about the relationship between Peasantry and Scripture in the Middle Ages. Here, however, I just wanted to bring enough information forward to let the reader know that the Catholic Church instructed the faithful more than many fundamentalists give it credit. While this is not to say that the peasants were aware of everything in scripture, as explained in one of my previous posts, access to scripture was even hard for many of the church clergies. Certainly, many within the church clergy took advantage of the lower classes and used scripture abusively. Nevertheless, we should be careful not to paint the entire Catholic Church of the Middle Ages by the corruption of some of its clergy.
Today, many traditionalist Catholics look back on the Middle Ages as a golden age when there was one true church that rightfully suppressed all heretics. To these traditionalists, virtually everyone in the Middle Ages did not question the Catholic Church's teaching on the papacy, justification, and the Mass. However, many evangelicals have an entirely different view. To them, the Middle Ages was ''the Dark Ages.'' To the latter group, the Middle Ages was a time when an abusive Catholic Church ruled over the peasant and forbid the common man from any real knowledge of Scripture. In reality, however, historians understand neither group to be correct. There are elements of truth in both theories---but neither one is the entire story.
Today, literacy became much more popular because of the Protestant Reformation. However, the literacy of Europeans should also be in part, attributed to the Catholic Church, especially those Catholics who took the time to help the commoners have a legitimate education.
The Middle Ages was a more complicated era than many understand it to be. On the one hand, torture, plagues, and relentless wars describe Mediæval times. On the other hand, though, this was the time of courtly love, the beginning of western universities, the introduction to illuminated manuscripts, and the ongoing theological debates over various topics. Indeed, more commentaries were written about the Bible in the Middle Ages than in any other era of history. The Middle Ages certainly did not bear witness to a perfect church. The corruption of the papacy, for instance, arguably began in the early Mediæval period. That said, there is plenty of good and bad to learn from the Christian Church during its existence between the fifth and the sixteenth centuries. As a Mediævalist, I wish to study all aspects of the Middle Ages. Likewise, I want to be faithful to the study of history, no matter whose facts she best benefits.
References:
The Catechism of the Council of Trent. (1976). TAN Books.
Further Sources:
The Fathers of the Church: Mediaeval Continuation by Peter the Venerable. Translated by Irvven M. Resneck. (2016). The Catholic University of America Press.